Tugas B.inggris 1

Simple Sentence (also called a controll unit is the bases of every sentences), a simple sentence is made up from 2 structural component
The Subject + The Predicate
Control Unit = S + P
ex = i eat bakso every day, i = Subject, eat = Predicate
That flower is red, That = Subject, Flower = Predicate
Subject contains the word of group or words that does something or is something
Subject =
Pelaku
Sesuatu
Predicate =
Kata Kerja (Verb)
To be = Menjelaskan sesuatu
The predicate contains the words or group of words that is used to express action (Verb) or state of being (tobe)
Complex Sentence, a komplek sentences is one in which the controll unit has a support unit added to it
(Controll Unit + Support Unit)
A support unit is a group of words that supports the meaning of the control unit by adding more meanings to oit.
ex = Miss Vika, Who is beautiful, is teaching english right now
Support unit bisa diletakan di depan / di tengah / dan di belakang Controll unitnya
Support unit dan controll unit di pisahkan dengan koma (,)
Support unit bisa diawali dengan sub ordinator (kata penghubung = although, because, since, while, as, were as, after, before, whenever, if, unless, until, when, were, which, who, whom, whose, dll)
Support unit bisa dimulai dengan Verb+ing (Gerund)
exercise (S = Subject = Red) (P = Predicate = Green) (SU = Support Unit =Purple)
Although it was raining, we went to the beach
The exermination was post phoned, giving students extra time to revise
The company made a record profit, despite the economic down turn
The new teacher, a highly respected scholar, began his class today
Compound Sentence, a compound sentence is one in which there are two or more Controll Unit (Simple Sentence)
How to Join Controll Unit
You cannot join Controll Unit with a comma alone
You must use euther a comma plus a conjunction or a semicolon (;)
ex = and, but, for, nor, since, so ,yet
She did well in her examination
She is an able student
She did well in her examination, for she is an able student
He worked hard
He did not achieve high marks
He worked hard, yet he did not achieve high works

Exercise (in each of following sentences, Join the simple sentences to make new simple, complex, or compound sentences
Jet lag affect most long-distance travellers, jet lag is the urge to sleep at in appropriate times
Jet lag, which is the urge to sleep at in appropriate times, affect most long-distance travellers (Complex Sentence)
I enjoy watching football, i hate watching tennis
I enjoy watching football, but i hate watching tennis (Compound Sentence)
Solar heating system are economical to operate, the installation cost of solar heating system is very high
Although the installation cost of solar heating system is very high, Solar heating system are economical to operate (Complex Sentence)
Many international researches attended the science cenvention, the convention was very successful
Many international researches attended the science cenvention, which was very successful (Complex Sentence)
I was reading the newspaper, i noticed an advertisement for a job i could apply for
When i reading the newspaper, i noticed an advertisement for a job i could apply for (Complex Sentence)
Andjective clause Adjective Clause dinamakan juga RELATIVE CLAUSE yaitu Clause (anak kalimat) yang digunakan/berfungsi sebagai adjective yang menerangkan keadaan noun atau pronoun. Untuk lebih jelasnya penjelasan mengenai Adjective Clause, perhatikan penjelasan di bawah ini:

Contoh:
I have read the book (that) you just mentioned.

Main Clause: I have read the book.
Subordinate Clause: (that) you just mentioned.
Anak kalimat menerangkan kata benda the book, disebut dengan Adjective Clause
The lesson (that) she is learning is very difficult.

Main Clause: The lesson is very difficult.
Subordinate Clause: (that) she is learning.
Berdasarkan pada the Antecedent yang ditunjuk oleh introductory words (kata-kata pendahulunya), Adjective Clause dapat diklasifikasikan menjadi 2 macam, yaitu:

1. Relative Pronoun
Kata Ganti Orang

Kata Penghubung yang digunakan adalah : Who, Whom, Whose, That

Fungsi :

a. Subjek:

- He paid the money to the man who / that had done the work

b. Objek Kata Kerja:

- He paid the man whom/that he had hired.

c. Objek Kata Depan:

- He paid the man from whom he had borrowed the money.

d. Kata Ganti Kepunyaan:

- This is the girl whose picture you saw.
Benda, Binatang

Kata Penghubung yang digunakan adalah: Which, that

Fungsi:

a. Subjek:

- Here is a book which/that describes animals.

b. Objek Kata Kerja:

- The chair which/that he broke is being repaired.

c. Objek Kata Depan:

- She was wearing the coat for which she had paid $2,00.
2. Relative Adverbs
Waktu

Kata Penghubung yang digunakan: when

- This is the year when the Olympic Games are held.
Tempat

Kata Penghubung yang digunakan: where

- Here is the house where I live.
Alasan

Kata Penghubung yang digunakan: when

- Give me one good reason why you did that.
_________________________

1. Relative Pronoun

Yaitu Adjective Clause dengan memakai kata penghubung Relative Pronoun.
The boy is called Bob. He gave me a present.
The boy who gave me a present is called Bob. atau
The boy who is called Bob gave me a present.
Beberapa contoh Adjective Clause lainnya:
The boy whose radio was stolen is a student.
The girl whom I gave a special reward is a bright student.
The bike which I borrowed last week was sold.
2. Relative Adverb

Pelajaran tentang ini dibahas lebih lengkap pada Relative Clause. Hal-hal yang perlu ditambahkan di sini, yaitu:
Kata Why (yang menunjukkan alasan) yang menjadi Adverb penghubung, mungkin (kadang-kadang) dapat digantikan dengan that atau kadang-kadang dapat dihilangkan dalam kalimat.

- The reason (that) I came should be obvious to you.
- The reason (why) I came should be obvious to you.
- The reason I came should be obvious to you.
When atau Where Bering dapat Baling ditukarkan dengan Preposition yang menunjukkan tempat (a preposition of Place) ditambah dengan Which.

- The small town in which (= where) I was born has grown to a large metropolis.
- The day on which (= when) they were to leave finally arrived.
Kadang-kadang that dapat menggantikan where atau when.
The day that (or when, on which) the trial was to take place was a stormy one.
Please suggest a good place that (or where) we can meet
Beberapa Hal Penting yang Berkaitan dengan Adjective Clause
Perubahan dari Adjective Clause menjadi Adjective Phrase.
Adjective Clause dapat dirubah menjadi Adjective Phrase yang menjelaskan noun tanpa ada perubahan arti kalimat.
Hanya Adjective Clause yang mempunyai subjek pronoun: who, which atau that yang dapat dirubah menjadi Adjective Phrase.
Adjective Clause dengan subjek: whom tidak dapat dirubah menjadi Adjective Phrase.

Perhatikan Contoh berikut:

a. Adjective Clause

* The girl who is sitting next to me is Lisa.
==> The boy is playing the piano is Bent.

b. Adjective Phrase

* The girl sitting next to me is Lisa.
==> The boy playing the piano is Bent.
Cara mengubah Adjective Clause menjadi Adjective Phrase.

(1) Subjek pronoun dan verb be dihilangkan.

* Adjective Clause: The man who is talking to Taylor is from Japan.
* Adjective Phrase: The man talking to Taylor is from Japan.

* Adjective Clause: The ideas which are presented in that book are interesting.
* Adjective Phrase: The ideas presented in that book are interesting.

* Adjective Clause: Ali is the man who is responsible for preparing the budget.
* Adjective Phrase: Ali is the man responsible for preparing the budget.

* Adjective Clause: The books that are on the shelf are mine.
* Adjective Phrase: The books on the shelf are mine.

(2) Jika tidak ada verb be dalam Adjective Clause, seringkali subjek pronoun dapat dihilangkan dan mengubah kata kerja dalam Clause itu menjadi bentuk -ing.

* Adjective Clause: English has an alphabet that consists of 26 letters.
* Adjective Phrase: English has an alphabet consisting of 26 letters.

* Adjective Clause: Anyone who wants to come with us is welcome.
* Adjective Phrase: Anyone wanting to come with us is welcome.
Seringkali Adjective Clause digunakan dalam pola: noun + of which. Pola ini terutama digunakan untuk tulisan bahasa Inggris resmi (formal written English). Dalam pola ini biasanya Adjective Clause menerangkan "sesuatu".

* We have an antique table. The top of it has jade inlay.
We have an antique table, the top of which has jade inlay.
We toured a 300-year-old house. The exterior of the house consisted of logs cemented with clay.
We toured a 300-year-old house, the exterior of which consisted of logs cemented with lay.
Adjective Clause sering digunakan untuk mengungkapkan kuantitas dengan of. Ungkapan kuantitas mendahului pronoun, dan hanya whom, which, dan whose yang digunakan dalam pola ini.

Ungkapan kuantitas dengan "of" antara lain: some of, none of, both of, one of, many of, two of, all of, each of, most of, dll.

* There are 20 students in my class. Most of them are from the Outside Java.
--> There are 20 students in my class, most of whom are from the Outside Java.

* He gave several reasons. Only a few of them were valid.
--> He gave several reasons, only a few of which were valid.
Tanda Baca pada Adjective Clauses

Pedoman umum dalam Tanda Baca pada Adjective Clauses yaitu:
Jangan menggunakan tanda koma bila Adjective Clause diperlukan untuk mengidentifikasi noun yang dijelaskan olehnya.
Gunakanlah tanda koma bila Adjective Clause hanya berfungsi untuk memberi informasi tambahan dan tidak dimaksudkan untuk mengidentifikasi noun yang dijelaskan olehnya.
Henry whose wife works at a bank came to my house yesterday.
Alex, whose wife works at a bank, came to my house yesterday.
Noun clause Noun Clause adalah Clause yang digunakan sebagai pengganti noun atau berfungsi sebagai noun (kata benda). Selain Noun Clause ini, sebenarnya masih ada clause lainnya seperti Adverb Clause dan Adjective Clause. Untuk mendalami penjelasan mengenai Noun Clause, silahkan perhatikan penjelasan di bawah ini:

Menurut jenis kalimat asalnya, Noun Clause dapat diklasifikasikan menjadi 4 macam, yaitu:
1. Statement (pernyataan)
2. Question (pertanyaan)
3. Request (permintaan)
4. Exclamation (seruan).
Penjelasan:

1. Statement

a. Conjunction yang dipakai adalah: "that"

b. Fungsi Klausa ini adalah sebagai:

1) Subjek Kalimat
• Kangaroo lives in Australia (statement)
• That Kangaroo lives is Australia is well known to all (Noun Clause)
2) Subjek Kalimat setelah "It"
• It is well known to all that Kangaroo lives in Australia
3) Objek Pelengkap
• My conclusion is that Kangaroo lives in Australia
4) Objek Kata Kerja
• All people understand well that Kangaroo lives in Australia
5) Apositif
• My conclusion that Kangaroo lives is Australia is correct.
2. Question

A. Yes/No Question

a. Conjunction yang dipakai adalah: "whether (or not/or if)"

b. Fungsi Klausa ini adalah sebagai:

1) Subjek Kalimat
• Can she drive the car? (Question)
• Whether she can drive the car doesn't concern me. (Noun Clause)
= Whether or not she can drive the car doesn't concern me. (Noun Clause)
= Whether she can drive the car or not doesn't concern me. (Noun Clause)
= Whether or if she can drive the car doesn't concern me. (Noun Clause)
2) Objek Pelengkap
• My question is whether she can drive the car.
3) Objek Kata Kerja
• I really wonder whether she can drive the car (or not).
4) Objek Kata Depan
• We discussed about whether she can drive the car.
B. Wh- Question

a. Conjunction yang dipakai adalah: "kata Tanya itu sendiri"

b. Fungsi Klausa ini adalah sebagai:

1) Subjek Kalimat
• What is he doing? (Question)
• What she is doing doesn't concern me. (Noun Clause)
2) Objek Pelengkap
• My question is what she is doing.
3) Objek Kata Kerja
• I really wonder what she is doing.
4) Objek Kata Depan
• We discussed about what she is doing.

3. Request

a. Conjunction yang dipakai adalah: "that"

b. Fungsi Klausa ini adalah sebagai:

1) Objek Kata Kerja
• Read the book! (Request)
• He suggested that I read the book. (Noun Clause)


4. Exclamation

a. Conjunction yang dipakai adalah: "kata Tanya yang dipakai pada kalimat itu sendiri"

b. Fungsi Klausa ini adalah sebagai:

1) Objek Kata Kerja
• What a pretty girl she is? (Exclamation)
• I never realize what a pretty girl she is. (Noun Clause)
2) Objek Kata Depan
• We are talking about what a pretty girl she is.

Adverb clause Clause (anak kalimat) yang berfungsi sebagai Adverb, yaitu menerangkan kata kerja.
Adverbial Clause diklasifikasikan berdasarkan "arti/maksud" dari Conjunction (kata penghubung yang mendahuluinya).

The following are the kinds of adverbial clause :

1. Time : Clause yang menunjukkan waktu.
( when,while,since,as soon as,as long as,by the time,now that,after,before,until,once,whenever,by the time)
Example :- I had swabbed the floor when you arrived
-I was ironing my uniform when he called me.
-You may not leave the house until mother come
-They never come late to school since last year
-She was reading a book while the dinner was cooking
-They will leave before you get here
-By the time I arrive, maya will have left.
-You may begin whenever you are ready.

2. Place : Clause yang menunjukkan tempat
( where,wherever , anywhere )
Example :-I’LL remember you wherever you are
-I wonder where you are now
-I’LL Make you safe no matter anywhere you are
-Go where you like
-The guard stood where he was positioned.

3. Manner : Clause yang menunjukkan cars bagaimana suatu pekerjaan dilakukan atau peristiwa terjadi.
( as,as if,as though )
Exmple : -He behaved as if he had been the owner of the hotel
-You can start your job as you like
-He did as I told him.
-You may finish it how you like.
-They may beat us again, like they did in 1978.

4. Reason ( Bacause,since,as)
Example : -David was very disappointed because he was left the bus
-He doesn’t attend the class as he sick seriously.
-Since he's not interested in classical music, he decided not to go to the concert
-I won’t make you hurt because I love you so much
-I hate you since you make me disappointed last year

5. Contrast : Clause yang menunjukkan adanya pertentangan antara dua kejadian atau peristiwa yang saling berhubungan.
( although,even though,however,though, as the time, even if)
Example :- He should stay at home although he had promise to go out with a friend
-However difficult the test was, you must try to do that
-As the time you were sleeping, we were working hard.
-He is very friendly, even if he is a clever student.
-I still love you although you doesn’t love me again


6. Conditional : Clause yang menunjukkan adanya persyaratan antara dua kejadian (peristiwa) yang berhubungan
( if,unless,in the event that,providing that,in case)
Example : -You can contact me if it is necessary
-You must go early unless we will leave you
-In case a robbery occurs in the hotel, the management must be notified at once
-We’ll have the picnic providing that it doesn’t rain
-If it rains, we won’t have the traveling

7. Purpose & result : Clause yang menunjukkan hubungan maksud/tujuan dan hasil.
( So that,in order to, so that, in the hope that, to the end that, lest, in case, dll.)
Example :- Be careful in order to be safe to reach the place!
-I hope she speaks louder so that I can hear her voice
-They went to the movie early (in order) to find the best seats.
-She bought a book so (that) she could learn English
-He is saving his money so that he may take a long vacation.I am working night and day in the hope that I can finish this book soon.